The argument is normally based on references to other gods, such as the "gods of Egypt" in the Book of Exodus (Exodus 12:12). Some scholars claim the Torah (Pentateuch) shows evidence of monolatry in some passages. The question was not whether there is only one elohim, but whether there is any elohim like Yahweh." John McKenzie has stated: "In the ancient Near East the existence of divine beings was universally accepted without questions. Old Testament scholar John Day suggests that angels in Judaism are what became of the other gods once monotheism took over Israel. Some historians have argued that ancient Israel originally practiced a form of monolatry or henotheism. Josiah Hearing the Book of the Law (1873) Under Akhenaten's successors, Egypt reverted to its traditional religion, and Akhenaten himself came to be reviled as a heretic. The people were to worship Akhenaten only Akhenaten and the pharaoh's wife Nefertiti could worship Aten directly. Akhenaten continued the imperial cult, proclaiming himself the son of Aten and encouraging the people to worship him. It is known that Atenism did not solely attribute divinity to the Aten. The exclusion of all but one god and the prohibition of idols was a radical departure from Egyptian tradition, but most scholars see Akhenaten as a practitioner of monolatry rather than monotheism, as he did not actively deny the existence of other gods he simply refrained from worshiping any but Aten. The details of Atenist theology are still unclear. Aten was addressed by Akhenaten in prayers, such as the Great Hymn to the Aten. Key features of Atenism included a ban on idols and other images of the Aten, with the exception of a rayed solar disc in which the rays (commonly depicted ending in hands) appear to represent the unseen spirit of Aten. In his ninth year of rule (approximately 1344–1342 BCE), Akhenaten declared a more radical version of his new religion, declaring Aten not merely the supreme god of the Egyptian pantheon but the only god of Egypt, with himself as the sole intermediary between the Aten and the Egyptian people. In addition to constructing a new capital in honor of Aten, Akhenaten also oversaw the construction of some of the most massive temple complexes of ancient Egypt, including one at Karnak and one at Thebes, close to the old temple of Amun. Amenhotep IV officially changed his name to "Akhenaten" (Agreeable to the Aten) as evidence of his new worship. The fifth year of his reign marked the beginning of his construction of a new capital, Akhetaten (Horizon of the Aten), at the site known today as " Amarna". He raised Aten, once a relatively obscure solar deity representing the disk of the Sun, to the status of supreme deity in ancient Egyptian religion. The pharaoh Akhenaten, who was initially enthroned as Amenhotep IV, initially introduced Atenism in the fifth year (approximately 1348–1346 BCE) of his reign during the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt.
الفرعون أخناتون and his family adoring the Aten
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